CLICK FOR ANSWERS THEME 10
• Bengal - Establishment of colonial rule - New land revenue, Auction system under Warren
Hastings - 1793, Permanent Revenue settlement in Bengal by Lord Cornwallis.
• Crises in village economy, revenue demand of the state was fixed.
• The rise of the Jotedars, their land was cultivated through share croppers.
• Resistance of Zamindars, their land was auctioned frequently.
• The fifth report -report submitted to British parliament 1813
• The Hoe and the Ploug - Shifting agriculture, expensive of village economy.
• Paharias -hunters food gathers connected with forests, invaded settled farmers 1770.
• Santhals - Settled in bangal- practiced cultivation land demarcated to them known as
Daman-i-koh.
• Conflicts with unsettled paharias -1850 - they resisted the British - Santhal revolt.
• Revolt in the Bombey and Deccan - 1875
• Burning of account book of money lenders and shop keepers
• New revenue System - Ryotwari system in Bombey Deccan - Direct settlement, land
assessed for 30 yrs subject to periodic revision:
The problem of unpaid revenue.
• In introducing the permanent settlement, the British hoped to resolve the problems they
had been facing since the conquest of Bengal.
• The rural economy in Bengal was in crisis with recurrent famines and declining agriculture
output.
• The problem lay in identifying individuals who could both improve agriculture and contract
to pay the fixed revenue to the state.
• The permanent settlement was made with the rajas and taluqda rs of Bengal.
• They were classified as Zamindars and had to pay the revenue that was fixed.
• The Zamindar was not the landowner in the village, but a revenue Collector of the state.
• The zamindar collected rent from different villages, paid the revenue to the company, and
retained the differences as his income.
• He was expected to pay the Company regularly, failing which his estate could be auctioned.
Why zamindars defaulted on payments:
• The initial demand was very high: It was felt that if the demand was fixed for all time to
come the company would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land
when prices rose and cultivation expanded.
• The company increased the revenue and argued that the burden on the Zamindar would
decline as agriculture production expands and price rose.
II Imposition of high demand:
• The price of agriculture produce was depressed, the ryots could not pay their dues to the
zamindar.
• The zanindar could not collect the rent and was not able to pay the company.
III The revenue was invariable:
• The revenue was invariable, regardless of the harvest, and had to pay punctually.
• They followed sunset law.
IV The powers of the Zamindars limited:
• The permanent settlement limited the powers of the zamindars to collect the rent from the
ryot and manage his zamindari.
The rise of the jotedars
• A group of rich peasants consolidated their position in the villages.
• This class of rich peasant was known as jotedar.
• The jotedars had acquired vast areas of land.
• They controlled local trade as well as money lending, exercising immense power over the
poorer cultivators of the region.
• A large part of their land was cultivated through sharecrop
• When the estate of the zamindar was auctioned for failure to make revenue payment,
jotedars were often amongst the purchasers.
• The jotedars were the most powerful in North Bengal, in some places they were called
haoladars, gantidars or Mendal
The accounts of Buchanan
• He was an employee of the British East India Company
• He marched everywhere with a large army of people – draughtsman, surveyors, palanquin
bearers, coolies.
• The cost of the travels was borne by the East India Company.
• He was perceived as an agent of the sarkar.
• He observed the stones and rocks and different strata and layers of soil.
• He searched for minerals and stones that were commercially valuable, he recorded all signs
of irons ore and mica, granite and saltpeter.
• He carefully observed the local practices of salt –making and iron ore mining.
• Bengal - Establishment of colonial rule - New land revenue, Auction system under Warren
Hastings - 1793, Permanent Revenue settlement in Bengal by Lord Cornwallis.
• Crises in village economy, revenue demand of the state was fixed.
• The rise of the Jotedars, their land was cultivated through share croppers.
• Resistance of Zamindars, their land was auctioned frequently.
• The fifth report -report submitted to British parliament 1813
• The Hoe and the Ploug - Shifting agriculture, expensive of village economy.
• Paharias -hunters food gathers connected with forests, invaded settled farmers 1770.
• Santhals - Settled in bangal- practiced cultivation land demarcated to them known as
Daman-i-koh.
• Conflicts with unsettled paharias -1850 - they resisted the British - Santhal revolt.
• Revolt in the Bombey and Deccan - 1875
• Burning of account book of money lenders and shop keepers
• New revenue System - Ryotwari system in Bombey Deccan - Direct settlement, land
assessed for 30 yrs subject to periodic revision:
The problem of unpaid revenue.
• In introducing the permanent settlement, the British hoped to resolve the problems they
had been facing since the conquest of Bengal.
• The rural economy in Bengal was in crisis with recurrent famines and declining agriculture
output.
• The problem lay in identifying individuals who could both improve agriculture and contract
to pay the fixed revenue to the state.
• The permanent settlement was made with the rajas and taluqda rs of Bengal.
• They were classified as Zamindars and had to pay the revenue that was fixed.
• The Zamindar was not the landowner in the village, but a revenue Collector of the state.
• The zamindar collected rent from different villages, paid the revenue to the company, and
retained the differences as his income.
• He was expected to pay the Company regularly, failing which his estate could be auctioned.
Why zamindars defaulted on payments:
• The initial demand was very high: It was felt that if the demand was fixed for all time to
come the company would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land
when prices rose and cultivation expanded.
• The company increased the revenue and argued that the burden on the Zamindar would
decline as agriculture production expands and price rose.
II Imposition of high demand:
• The price of agriculture produce was depressed, the ryots could not pay their dues to the
zamindar.
• The zanindar could not collect the rent and was not able to pay the company.
III The revenue was invariable:
• The revenue was invariable, regardless of the harvest, and had to pay punctually.
• They followed sunset law.
IV The powers of the Zamindars limited:
• The permanent settlement limited the powers of the zamindars to collect the rent from the
ryot and manage his zamindari.
The rise of the jotedars
• A group of rich peasants consolidated their position in the villages.
• This class of rich peasant was known as jotedar.
• The jotedars had acquired vast areas of land.
• They controlled local trade as well as money lending, exercising immense power over the
poorer cultivators of the region.
• A large part of their land was cultivated through sharecrop
• When the estate of the zamindar was auctioned for failure to make revenue payment,
jotedars were often amongst the purchasers.
• The jotedars were the most powerful in North Bengal, in some places they were called
haoladars, gantidars or Mendal
The accounts of Buchanan
• He was an employee of the British East India Company
• He marched everywhere with a large army of people – draughtsman, surveyors, palanquin
bearers, coolies.
• The cost of the travels was borne by the East India Company.
• He was perceived as an agent of the sarkar.
• He observed the stones and rocks and different strata and layers of soil.
• He searched for minerals and stones that were commercially valuable, he recorded all signs
of irons ore and mica, granite and saltpeter.
• He carefully observed the local practices of salt –making and iron ore mining.
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